Introduction
Biochemical analysis instruments play a vital role in modern scientific research, medical diagnostics, and pharmaceutical development. As an analytical instrument that can automatically operate by combining the steps of sampling, adding reagents, mixing, heat preservation reaction, detection, result calculation, reliability judgment, display and printing, and cleaning in biochemical analysis, it is widely used in clinical and laboratory.These instruments enable the detection and quantification of various biological compounds, aiding in the understanding of biological processes and disease mechanisms.This article explores the principles and methods employed by biochemical analysis instruments, highlighting their significance in scientific and medical fields.
Detection Principles Of Biochemical Analyzer
Spectrophotometry
Spectrophotometry is a fundamental technique used in biochemical analysis instruments.It relies on the principle that different molecules absorb specific wavelengths of light due to their unique chemical structures.Spectrophotometers measure the absorption or transmission of light by a sample across a range of wavelengths.By comparing the absorption spectrum of a substance to known standards, the concentration of the molecule can be determined.
Chromatography
Chromatography techniques are widely employed in biochemical analysis instruments for separating and analyzing complex mixtures of biomolecules.High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) are commonly used variants.These techniques rely on the differential distribution of molecules between a mobile phase (liquid or gas) and a stationary phase (solid or liquid).By adjusting the composition of the mobile phase and the interactions with the stationary phase, components in a sample can be separated and quantified.
Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged biomolecules based on their size and charge.In gel electrophoresis, a sample is loaded onto a gel matrix, and an electric field is applied. The molecules migrate through the gel at different rates depending on their size and charge. This technique is commonly used to separate proteins and nucleic acids, enabling the analysis of their composition, size, and quantity.
Mass Spectrometry
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful technique used to identify and quantify molecules based on their mass-to-charge ratio.In biochemical analysis, MS instruments can analyze complex mixtures of biomolecules, providing detailed information about their structure, composition, and concentration.MS can be coupled with other techniques, such as liquid chromatography (LC-MS) or gas chromatography (GC-MS), to enhance separation capabilities.
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
ELISA is a widely used biochemical analysis technique for detecting and quantifying specific proteins or antibodies in a sample.It relies on the specific binding between an antigen and an antibody.The sample is immobilized on a solid surface, and a series of washing and incubation steps are performed with labeled antibodies.The signal generated by the labeled antibody is then quantified, providing information about the presence and concentration of the target molecule.
Detection Methods Of Biochemical Analyzer
Biochemical analyzers generally use several detection methods such as endpoint method, rate method, and electrode method, and obtain different detection items according to different detection methods.
End point method
The end point method is one of the most commonly used methods in the laboratory. It is the reaction mixture that reaches equilibrium (end point) after a certain period of time. The concentration of the test substance.
The endpoint methods include single-wavelength and dual-wavelength endpoint methods, colorimetry and turbidimetry, one-point endpoint method and two-point endpoint method (ie, fixed time method). The main test items of the endpoint method include total protein, albumin, glucose oxidase, muscle liver, special protein and certain drug monitoring.
Speed method
The rate method is an analysis method using physical, chemical or enzymatic reactions under the optimal conditions of the enzyme reaction, and continuously observes and records the changes of the substrate or product within a certain reaction time during the constant reaction rate period (zero-order reaction period). Calculate the size of enzyme activity and the concentration of metabolites based on the initial velocity of enzyme reaction per unit time.
The rate method includes two-point rate method and multi-point rate method. The rate method is mainly suitable for the detection of enzyme activity and metabolites.
Electrode method
The electrode method is developed based on the potential measurement of ion selective electrodes and reference electrodes. In an electrolyte, most salts will ionize into ions, and an ion selective electrode (indicating electrode) is inserted into the electrolyte as the positive electrode of the battery, and the reference electrode is used as the negative electrode of the battery to form a primary battery. A potential difference is formed between the selective electrode and the reference electrode, that is, the electromotive force of the battery, and the corresponding ion concentration can be measured by measuring the electromotive force of the battery. The main measurement items of the electrode method are K+, Na+, Cl-, etc.
Conclusion
Biochemical analysis instruments employ a variety of principles and techniques to analyze and quantify biomolecules. These instruments continue to advance, providing researchers and clinicians with valuable insights into the complex world of biochemistry and contributing to advancements in various fields, including medicine, biotechnology, and environmental science.
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